Different Types of Third-Person Point of View

In a work of fiction or nonfiction, the third-person point of view  relates events using third-person pronouns such as he, she, and they. The three main types of third-person point of view are: Third-person objective:  The facts of a narrative are reported by a seemingly neutral, impersonal observer or recorder. For an example, see The Rise of Pancho Villa by John Reed.Third-person omniscient:  An all-knowing narrator not only reports the facts but may also interpret events and relate the thoughts and feelings of any character. The novels Middlemarch by George Eliot and Charlottes Web by E.B. White employ the third-person-omniscient point of view.Third-person limited:  A narrator reports the facts and interprets events from the perspective of a single character. For an example, see Katherine Mansfields short story Miss Brill. In addition, a writer may rely on a multiple or variable third-person point of view, in which the perspective shifts from that of one character to another during the course of a narrative. Examples and Observations in Fiction The third-person perspective has been effective in a wide range of fiction, from the biting political allegory of George Orwell to E.B. Whites classic and emotional childrens tale. At the age of seventeen I was poorly dressed and funny-looking, and went around thinking about myself in the third person. Allen Dow strode down the street and home.  Allen Dow smiled a thin sardonic smile. (John Updike, Flight. The Early Stories: 1953–1975. Random House, 2003)They all remembered, or thought they remembered, how they had seen Snowball charging ahead of them at the Battle of the Cowshed, how he had rallied and encouraged them at every turn, and how he had not paused for an instant even when the pellets from Joness gun had wounded his back. (George Orwell, Animal Farm, Secker and Warburg, 1945)The goose shouted to the nearest cow that Wilbur was free, and soon all the cows knew. Then one of the cows told one of the sheep, and soon all the sheep knew. The lambs learned about it from their mothers. The horses, in their stalls in the barn, pricked up their ears when they heard the goose hollering; and soon the horses had caught on to what was happening. (E.B. Whi te, Charlottes Web. Harper, 1952) The Writer as Movie Camera The use of the third-person perspective in fiction has been likened to the objective eye of a movie camera, with all its pros and cons. Some teachers of writing advise against overusing it to get into the heads of multiple characters. Third-person point of view allows the author to be like a movie camera moving to any set and recording any event....It also allows the camera to slide behind the eyes of any character, but beware—do it too often or awkwardly, and you will lose your reader very quickly. When using third person, dont get in your characters heads to show the reader their thoughts, but rather let their actions and words lead the reader to figure those thoughts out.—Bob Mayer, The Novel Writers Toolkit: A Guide to Writing Novels and Getting Published (Writers Digest Books, 2003) Third Person in Nonfiction The third-person voice is ideal for factual reporting, in journalism or academic research, for example, since it presents data as objective and not as coming from a subjective and biased individual. This voice and perspective foreground the subject matter and diminish the importance of the intersubjective relationship between the author and the reader. Even business writing and advertising often use this perspective to reinforce an authoritative tone or even to avoid creepiness, as the following example from Victorias Secret displays so well: In nonfiction, the ​third-person point of view is not so much omniscient as objective. Its the preferred point of view for reports, research papers, or articles about a specific subject or cast of characters. Its best for business missives, brochures, and letters on behalf of a group or institution. See how a slight shift in point of view creates enough of a difference to raise eyebrows over the second of these two sentences: Victorias Secret would like to offer you a discount on all bras and panties. (Nice, impersonal third person.) I would like to offer you a discount on all bras and panties. (Hmmm. Whats the intent there?)...Unabashed subjectivity may be fine for ever-popular memoirs on incest and inside-the-Beltway intrigue, but the third-person point of view remains the standard in news reporting and writing that aims to inform, because it keeps the focus off the writer and on the subject.—Constance Hale, Sin and Syntax: How to Craft Wickedly Effective Prose (Rando m House, 1999) Personal and Impersonal Discourse Some writers on writing suggest that the terms third person and first person are misleading and should be replaced by the more precise terms personal and impersonal discourse. Such writers argue that third person incorrectly implies that there is no personal viewpoint in a piece or that no first-person pronouns will appear in a text. In works using two of the subset examples cited above, third-person objective and third-person limited, personal perspectives abound. To work around this confusion, another taxonomy is proposed. The terms third-person narrative and first-person narrative are misnomers, as they imply the complete absence of first-person pronouns within third-person narratives....[Nomi] Tamir suggests replacing the inadequate terminology first- and third-person narration by personal and impersonal discourse, respectively. If the narrator/formal speaker of a text refers to himself/herself (i.e., if the narrator is a participant in the events he/she is narrating), then the text is considered to be personal discourse, according to Tamir. If, on the other hand, the narrator/formal speaker does not refer to himself/herself in the discourse, then the text is considered to be impersonal discourse.—Susan Ehrlich, Point of View (Routledge, 1990) Despite such concerns, and regardless of what it is named, the third-person perspective is one of the most common ways of communicating in almost all nonfiction contexts and remains a key tool for fiction writers.

Tupac Poem Summary 2morrow Essay - 1045 Words

Poet: Tupac Shakur Poem: And 2Morrow Critical Analysis Tupac Shakur is one of the most legendary and popular poetic/rap artists to this day. He is considered to be one of the most influential people of his time, influencing every African-American citizen in North America. Thought of as the creator of rap, Tupac has sold over seventy-five million albums worldwide although his career ended as quickly as it started. Six, is the number of years Tupac spent making rap professionally. Thirteen is the number of years Tupac spent writing poetry and rap lyrics. Twenty-five is how old Tupac was when he received four bullets to his chest causing him to pass away. In those twenty-five years, Tupac has influenced millions of people and artists†¦show more content†¦To help understand Tupac’s poem, you must grasp yourself around the image of a very young boy, who has no father, grew up in the rougher parts of New York, and was barely supported by his mother. This poem is a perfect example of a closed form traditional sonnet. The rhyming scheme is in the form of ABCB, the best example of that is if you were to look at the first stanza, the last word in line two and four rhyme. This type of rhyming scheme is very basic, but it really helps emphasize his thoughts and bring out an emotional, aggressive tone. Imagery is one of the many things that are used substantially during this poem to help express Tupac’s emotions and thoughts. For example, lines such as; â€Å"Tonight is filled with rage, violence in the air† give off an image of the area Tupac grew up in, during nightfall. Another example of imagery; â€Å"and tomorrow I wake with second wind†. This line helps express Tupac’s feelings about the changes he wants to encounter in order to fulfill his dreams. Tupac uses â€Å"today†, â€Å"tonight†, and â€Å"2Morrow† as symbols of the times when he believes certain things happen. The â€Å"2† in â€Å"2morrow† can symbolize the way his mother helped Tupac achieve his lifelong dream. Tupac uses repetition, alliteration, consonance, and certain forms of archetypes to express his emotional thoughts. This â€Å"2† can be viewed as a form of alliteration; it is constantly being repeated

Population Trends and Problems of Public Health †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Population Trends and Problems of Public Health. Answer: Introduction The Saudi Arabian healthcare system consists of three main players including the government, government agencies, and private players. However, the government is the largest provider of health services across Saudi Arabia because it owns and manages most of the hospitals and dispensaries. This assignment will analyze the evolution of the healthcare in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Firstly, the paper will explore the history and evolution of the health care system. This part will focus on the progressive increase of infrastructure in the health sector, the involvement of the government and increase in the number of health professionals. Secondly, the assignment will discuss the evolution of the healthcare system policy and proposed rulings impacting the healthcare system. Finally, the paper will explore the effect of population growth on current Saudi Arabian healthcare access and efficiency. The Saudi Arabian healthcare system has a long history and has evolved significantly over the last few decades. The healthcare system started with small clinics and limited resources (Al-Rabeeah, 2003). King Abdulaziz launched the first public health department in Mecca in 1925 to improve the health of Saudi citizens (Almalki, FitzGerald, Clark, 2011). The health department was mandated to finance and implement free health care for the pilgrims and population by launching several dispensaries and hospitals. The establishment of this health department was a significant step in delivering curative health services to the population. However, the national revenue was inadequate to offer health care services to the entire population. As such, most Saudi citizens continued to use traditional medicines, and the prevalence of epidemic diseases remained high across the country. The healthcare system continued to evolve in the subsequent years. In 1949, there were 111 doctors and less than 10 0 hospital beds in Saudi Arabia. The number of doctors increased from 1172 in 1949 to 30281 in 1998. On the other hand, the number of nurses increased from 3261 in 1949 to 64790 in 1998. There were about 300 hospitals and about 1700 PHC care centers in 1998 around the Kingdom (Sebai, Milaat, Al-Zulaibani, 2001). In the recent past, the Saudi Arabian healthcare system has made significant achievements and is now ranked number 26 out of the best 190 healthcare systems in the world. The Saudi Arabian healthcare is ranked in a better position than Australia and Canada (World Health, 2000). The Ministry of Health (MOH) offers 60 percent of the health care services while 30 percent of the services are offered by the private players and other government agencies. Besides, the MOH has invested in infrastructure to expand the curative services in healthcare facilities around the country. The Riyadh invested 84.5 billion between 2005 and 2008 to improve health services for the citizens (Albejaidi, 2010). The MOH has also invested in medical training with the aim to increase the number of health professionals in the Kingdom. Even though the MOH is the biggest investor in the healthcare sector, the private sector has a significant market share in this sector. Currently, the MOH owns and manages approxim ately 244 hospitals and 2037 PHC across the Kingdom (Almalki, FitzGerald, Clark, 2011). Other government agencies own and run about 39 hospitals with a capacity of close to 10822 beds. The private sector, which operates mainly in urban centers, own and operate about 125 hospitals and 2218 dispensaries around the country. The entry of the private hospitals in the health sector was a major boost to the Saudi Arabian health care system because the private hospitals provide some of the advanced services that are unavailable in government healthcare facilities. The growth of the healthcare system Policy and/or proposed rulings affecting the healthcare system Healthcare system policy emerged because of the need to standardize operations in healthcare facilities and the need for clarity in managing legal, safety and professional issues. Other issues that triggered the need for healthcare system policy are the demand for better and more accessible services. The health policies in Saudi Arabian are introduced by the government through the MOH. The increasing demand for healthcare services led to the introduction of Council for Cooperative Health Insurance in 1999. The function of this body is to launch, control and manage a health insurance framework for the Saudi Arabian healthcare market. According to Walston and colleagues, this Council was launched due to the high costs of new medical technology and the increasing incidence of disease in the society (Walston, Al-Harbi, Al-Omar, 2008). The establishment of the Council for Cooperative Health Insurance has led to the introduction of different insurance policies to suit the Saudi citizens. A royal decree in 2002 led to the introduction of the Council of Health Services (Almalki, FitzGerald, Clark, 2011). The Council is led by the MOH and has representatives from the private health sector. This Council was established to overcome the inequalities in the provision of health services and offer cost-effective and comprehensive health care. Additionally, the government to introduce up-to-date health services in various hospitals across the nation. Privatization of public healthcare facilities is another factor that has impacted the health care system in Saudi Arabia. Policy makers in Saudi Arabia argue that the privatization of public hospitals is a good way to reform the health care system. The government has already initiated privatization strategy and passed the associated regulation. As such, several public healthcare facilities might be sold or leased to private players in the coming years. The government expects to accrue various benefits from the privatization of public hospitals such as fast decision-making and reduction in expenditure on health care. The MOH will also get new financial sources, and the overall health services will improve. If these benefits are achieved, more people will have access to affordable health care services at their convenience. The focus on e-health is also affecting the Saudi Arabian health care system. Although there is underutilization of e-health applications in the Kingdom, some hospitals are increasingly using these systems. Several health organizations have implemented electronic health record information and e-health to serve their patients better. The government is also investing heavily in creating e-health systems in the public sector. For instance, the MOH had set a budget of SR 4 billion to develop e-health programs between 2008 and 2011 (Qurban Austria, 2008). The provision of free healthcare services is another important in policy in the Saudi Arabian health system. Saudi citizens have access to free healthcare through 2000 PHC and 420 hospitals in the country (El Bcheraoui, et al., 2015). Public sector expats are also eligible for comprehensive health care including curative, preventive and diagnostic services. Advanced health services that are available through this policy are cancer treatment, organ transplant, and cardiovascular procedures. Impact of population growth on current Saudi Arabian healthcare access and efficiency The population of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is growing fast, and a large percentage of the population is aged below 40 years. As of 2014, the Saudi Arabias population was about 26 million people with an annual growth rate of 2.2% (Yusuf, 2014). The population growth is coupled with a rise in non-communicable illnesses such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The healthcare system has to cater for the health needs of the growing population with the limited resources. For example, one study found that the prevalence of obesity among employees was 72 percent, while the prevalence of diabetes was 22 percent (Alzeidan, Rabiee, Mandil, Hersi, Fayed, 2016). It is evident that the population growth in Saudi Arabia is affecting the access to health services for people of all ages. According to the current statistic released by MOH, there is inequality in the distribution of healthcare services in KSA. The inequality in health services across the Kingdom is attributable to th e unequal distribution of resources such as health professionals and infrastructure across geographical areas. Due to high population, people face long waiting time in hospitals and those who require a special service experience long waiting list. Besides, there is a shortage of health services for the most disadvantaged individuals in the society like the senior adults, individuals with special needs like disability (Alkawai Alowayyed, 2017). People living in rural areas, border and remote area are the most disadvantaged in the society since they lack the access to hospitals. The population increase impacts the long-term planning of community health as well as hospitals (Perrott Holland, 2005). Changes in age composition and alterations in population density create new problems in the healthcare system. Hence, the Saudi Arabian healthcare system is experiencing various problems due to rapid population growth. Conclusion Conclusively, the Saudi Arabian healthcare system has advanced significantly over the last few decades. The number of the health professionals and health facilities has increased across the country. This increase can be attributed to the investment of the government in medical training and construction of new hospitals. Evidently, the government has attempted to make health services available to Saudi citizens through different approaches such as the launch comprehensive health insurance, privatization and introduction of dispensaries in remote areas. Population growth is a great challenge to the access of health services in Saudi Arabia because it increases the number of people who are seeking care. The increase in population is also coupled with the emergence and increase of noncommunicable illnesses. References Albejaidi, F. (2010). Healthcare system in Saudi Arabia: An analysis of structure, total quality management and future challenges. Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences , 2 (2), 794-818. Alkawai, F., Alowayyed, A. (2017). Barriers in accessing care services for physically disabled in a hospital setting in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, cross-sectional study. Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives , 7 (2), 82-86. Almalki, M., FitzGerald, G., Clark, M. (2011). Health care system in Saudi Arabia: an overview/Aperu du systme de sant en Arabie saoudite. Eastern Mediterranean health journal , 17 (10), 784-793. Al-Rabeeah, A. (2003). The history of health care in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with emphasis on pediatric surgery. Saudi medical journal , 24 (5), 9-10. Alzeidan, R., Rabiee, F., Mandil, A., Hersi, A., Fayed, A. (2016). Non-communicable disease risk factors among employees and their families of a Saudi university: An epidemiological study. PloS one , 11 (11), e0165036. El Bcheraoui, C., Tuffaha, M., Daoud, F., Kravitz, H., AlMazroa, M., Al Saeedi, M., et al. (2015). Access and barriers to healthcare in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013: findings from a national multistage survey. BMJ open , 5 (6), e007801. Perrott, G., Holland, D. (2005). Population trends and problems of public health. The Milbank Quarterly , 84 (4), 569-608. Qurban, M., Austria, R. (2008). Public perception on e-health services: implications of preliminary findings of KFMMC for military hospitals in KSA. In Proceedings of the European and Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems , 25-26. Sebai, Z., Milaat, W., Al-Zulaibani, A. (2001). Health care services in Saudi Arabia: Past, present and future. Journal of family community medicine , 8 (3), 19-23. Walston, S., Al-Harbi, Y., Al-Omar, B. (2008). The changing face of healthcare in Saudi Arabia. Annals of Saudi Medicine , 28, 243250. World Health. (2000). The world health report 2000 Health systems: improving performance. Geneva: Word Health Organization. Yusuf, N. (2014). Private and public healthcare in Saudi Arabia: future challenges. International Journal of Business and Economic Development , 2 (1), 114-118.

Sex Selective Abortions free essay sample

Assessment Component 2: Issues Analysis Stage Two Women’s Studies The issue of sex selective abortions is reflective of women’s inferior status throughout contemporary Indian society. Feminism and women’s rights have resulted in abortion rights throughout many countries, which are thought to benefit womanhood for a range of reasons. However, in developing countries such as India, abortion rights are reinforcing the patriarchy that has oppressed women for millions of decades, through the practise of sex selective abortions. Historically, son preference has existed throughout the entire country, and is still a growing phenomenon.This phenomenon, along with abortion rights, has resulted in an increasing number of women who choose to or are forced to commit female foeticide. Although variations in male to female ratios persist throughout different districts, the average ratio of 933 females to every 1000 males[1] in India indicates gross violation of women’s r ights, while making it evident that female foeticide is a significant problem. We will write a custom essay sample on Sex Selective Abortions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The termination of a female based entirely on her gender is not only morally unacceptable, but also represents the gender bias and lack of equal rights and opportunities for women in India.These abortions represent and reinforce devaluation of girls and further entrench gender prejudices. [2] Many demographic and socioeconomic factors affect the frequency of sex selection. These abortions have numerous implications for the entire Indian society, especially for the women. Legal and feminist responses have not been adequate enough to significantly reduce this practise, thus, additional awareness is necessary. Arguably, one of the major factors that affect the prevalence of sex selective abortions in India is son preference.Son preference is motivated by cultural, economic, social and religious desires and norms that favour males over females. Preference of sons is deeply rooted within the structure of Indian society and exists for a range of different reasons. [3] Firstly, daughters’ chastity must be protected and suitable husbands must be found. Domestic violence, prejudice, ill-treatment and disrespect are substantial problems within marriage, in which women are most vulnerable. Extreme cases of violence that can even lead to death through practices such as ‘bride burning’ are often perpetrated in domestic conflicts.Therefore, parents face additional stress and difficulty in finding an appropriate husband. Universalisation of the small family is yet another factor that has undoubtedly exacerbated son preference. The Indian government has undertaken population control measures by promoting a reduction in family size. Slogans such as â€Å"Hum do, humare do† (We are two, and we will have two) encourage a two child family. [4] Most families generally desire to have at least one male child and since couples now only have limited chances at producing a male, sex-determinative tests and sex-selective abortions have become more prevalent. 5] Moreover, daughters are generally not financially independent and do not economically contribute to the household or support parents in their old age, while sons are equated with economic security. Although a rise in literacy rates has recently lead to more women gaining economic importance, traditional Indian culture continues to attribute women to the private sphere. Wealthier families prefer women not to work because this is seen as a symbol of social status and economic prosperity. [6] Also, the patriarchal nature of Indian society allows only sons to inherit property and the family name.Dowry, a practice in India in which the female’s parents mu st provide the groom’s family with a large sum of money upon marriage, further motivates son preference. The practice of dowry is socially justified as the last expense that a daughter’s parents must bear, as she becomes the responsibility of her husband after marriage. Signs around the country that advertise sex determination state ‘It is better to pay 500 Rs now than 50,000 Rs later’. [7] Prospective parents are encouraged to abort female foetuses in order to avoid the payment of dowry.Dr Amrit Sethi summed the situation up by stating ‘The day grooms become available without a hefty price tag attached to them, female foeticide will end. ’[8] It is widely believed that socioeconomic status has a considerable effect on the prevalence of sex selective abortions. Due to economic disadvantages associated with giving birth to a female, it seems more reasonable for rural, uneducated and poorer women to have higher differences between the male to female ratio, indicating higher occurrence of female foeticide.