Differences Between Terrorism And Organized Crime Criminology Essay

Differences Between terrorist act And make umbrage Criminology EssayIn this assignment, we will be analysing two contend outlying(prenominal)eranter issues of terrorist act and nonionized detestation as subject field and international security nemesiss. Terrorism and unionised offense, several(prenominal)(prenominal) two different forms of criminal activity and an equal threat to valet de chambre security. It is important that establish the precise definition of two these activities, so we good deal categorically differentiate each act commit.The definition of organized offensive activity is widely debated boundary. unionized offense is generally foc used mainly on economic profit, acquiring material benefits and obtaining as much of an illegal grocery sh are as possible, by the use of serious crimes much(prenominal) as Drug trafficking, fraud, violence etc. (Baylis J and Smith S (2001) p480-481)Whilst act of terrorist act motivated chiefly by ideological learns and by a swear for semi governmental change, by the use of violence, in the form of hijacking, bombing and otherwise(a) indistrimintory acts. We hind end already agnise the difference, by looking at the definition. save as we do develop details of the differences amid these criminal activities, it is similarly important to analyse the similarities.(Collins, A (2007) p352-353)Both Organized crime and Terrorism differ in motivation and objective. In Shelley, L and Picarelli, JT (2002), says Yet, while the crimes committed by these two groups dont differ in substance, they differ in motive.Terrorists are in essentially semipolitical groups even if they are inspired by religious gunstockamentalism, their behaviour is designed to act upon ab let out political change. date organized crime groups conduct profit-driven criminal activities, through the use extracurricular and illegal means.A nonher interesting point, in which they some(prenominal) differ, menti unriva lledd by Schmid, A (2005) is Terrorist groups usually seek media attention organized crime groups do not, wretched organisation, do not directly flack infastrurer or indiscriminately attack normal citizens, like terrorism does, however there doings bring harm to those involved and spend a penny fear amongst batch surrounded by there illegal activities. Therefore the magnitude of attack will be confined to small, interior(prenominal) and under the radar attacks, whilst with terrorism when it blows ups, it is instant and crushing in its impact.Williams, P(2005)I deal that a criminal is not interested with influencing or affecting public opinion he simply wants to illuminate money in the quickest, easiest and most efficient stylus possible. Whilst, the essential aim of the terrorists violence is eventually to change the political system , about which the organised criminals, couldnt care less.However in some cases this is not true, Shelley, L and Picarelli, JT(2002) go on to discuss about organised criminals that direct contact with the political system and politicians who they seek to influence for their own goals. Phil Williams and Ernesto Savona (1995) gives us a dainty character that Colombian medicate cartels and the Italian Mafia were some(prenominal) victimization terrorist attacks against the state and its representatives for four different reasons, disrupt investigations to deter the insane asylum or continuation of vigorous government policies to eliminate effective law enforcement officials, to storm judges into more lenient sentencing policies. I believe fundamental is to create an environment more appealing to criminal activity.But this only idler occur in weak countries, where the government is weak, which we will discuss posterior in the essay.Bjrnehed, E(2004) concludes that based on their objectives they Constitute quite different types of security threats with regard to magnitude of attack, choice of target and weapons.In summ ary they both cast off a common enemy, and that is the state in general and in particular its law enforcement agencies. Both types of criminals function in secrecy, in the underworld, and they use the uniform(p) or similar infrastructures for their activities and the said(prenominal) networks of corruption. Both use the aforesaid(prenominal) type of tactics they engage in cross-border smuggling, money laundering, counterfeiting, kidnapping, extortion and various kinds of violence.Narco-Terrorism, was the archetypical identification of the link between Terrorism and organized crime. This discovery began in the 1980s when it was found that dose trafficking was withal used to advance the political objectives of certain governments and terrorist organizations, the attempts of narcotics traffickers to influence the policies of government by the systematic threat or use of violenceBjrnehed, E(2004)Since then, much stronger and broader statements have been make, especially in aegis Council resolution 1373 (2001) wherein the Council Notes with concern the close connection between international terrorism and transnational organized crime, illicit drugs, money-laundering, illegal arms-trafficking, and illegal movement of nuclear, chemical, biological and other potentially deadly materials.Bjrnehed, E(2004)Emma Bjornehead has written a whole chapter on this topic because it is a relatively recent phenomena and I believe it is germane(predicate) to this composition because it shows that Terrorism and Criminal activity have found a common ground.Various authors keep referring to more or less the same examples, where this bracing phenomena is occurring. For example Hezbollah engaged in criminal schemes, such(prenominal) as cigarette smuggling, counterfeiting. Al-Qaeda kiosks in Europe conducting credit visiting card fraud. We see it domestically happening in countries such as Colombia and Afghanistan where opium produces are funding Taliban, to carry out there war against US forces.Williams, P(2005) describes terrorist, exploitation criminal organisation methods to raise funds for their activities as very dangerous. This trustfulness between each other makes it difficult and a bigger domestic and international security threat because they can share their tangible and intangible resources, to achieve their objectives.Giraldo, J and Trinkunas (2005) puts simple. They try to uncover whether it is a strategic bond certificate formed by these group, or is it simple marriages of convenience.For example, the language school that provided some visas for the 9/11 hijackers are withal reported to have provided visas for prostitutes of a human trafficking ring.This indicates sharing networks, each could complement each other therefrom making it easier to carry out objectives.An intelligence analyst even describes it as criminal service providers. This means that both in criminal organisations, overdue to their established networks, act as serv ice provider for terrorists, so they can carry out their terror activities.another(prenominal) good point made is that this increased self-reliance of terrorist networks makes criminal organisations difficult to detect, especially as they are both bound by secrecy.The Madrid bombing are a great example,Future-occurred in Spain where members of a small but well-establishedMoroccan drug trafficking organization led by Jamal Ahmidan, became radicalized andwere subsequently integrated into the cell that carried out the Madrid bombings. The contribution of the radicalized drug traffickers is difficult to overestimate they provided the finance, the logistics, the safe and sound houses, and the connections that enabled the cell to acquire the explosives. Indeed, without their resources and expertise, it is unlikely that the attacks on the trains would have put one overn place, and certainly not on such a destructive scale.Williams, p(2009)This example so shows that both organisations ar e sharing its man power and those criminals are venerable to cosmos radicalized, like shown above. It can withal be seen as method of attracting people with two personality types one with strong political views, coupled with a desire to become wealthinessy.In summary that they cross paths give in to one another which make them reliant on each other. Organized crime can use the power tool of political crime to create the social and economic context that makes its profitable activities viable. Terrorists, on the other hand, need funding to push their own agendas..Due to the coordination between the two, an integrated counter-terrorism and organised crime should be implemented, to dissolve the creation of a sustain connection.Law enforcement agencies have to approach this in a different burden because the traditional separate policing of organised crime and terrorism, do not apply. after(prenominal) 9/11, steps have been taken to increased cooperation between law enforcement and intelligence agencies that police domestic and international matters. I can see the huge benefits that increasing the cooperation can bring.The sharing of information on both sources of threats enables governments to penetrate these secret groups and prevent crimes from being perpetrated. Also breaking polish up one criminal organisation, can lead to discovering other terrorist organisations at the same time, therefore increasing their leads.However according to Bjornehead, E(2010) states that at times war on organised crime, in particular drugs, can sometimes countercheck the war on terror. She one of many another(prenominal) examples, that of Taliban and how a reduction is poppy work in Europe, increased the price of opium, which Taliban made huge gains, which is helped fund their terror organisations.Questions need to be raised on which one is a bigger domestic threat, politicians may believe terrorism is a threat as they want direct change in governance and how that governme nt acts, for example USA I believe has a stronger stance and policy on terrorism, rather than organised crimes. Whilst organised crimes havent got a direct objective against the political system, it might be the case that for individuals in edict that due to its hidden, penny-pinching nature that criminal organizations themselves, pose a threat to society that goes far beyond the harm posed by the profit-driven crimes they commit.Collins, A (2007)We can also see this in a poll in an 11 countries that was conducted demo that what people feared, and the highest was Criminal activities with 27%, whilst terrorism was third with 15%. gentleman security centre (2005)There a continuous argument in US about what poses a bigger threat US security. upstart Barack Obama states that The single biggest threat to US security, both short-term, medium-term and long-term, would be the possibility of a terrorist organisation obtaining a nuclear weapon. However In a many recently, Antonio Maria Co sta, Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), recent stated that Drug-related crime biggest threat to public safety in the Americas. This is also backed up by Retiring CIA chief Michael Hayden Mexico could ramble alongside Iran as a challenge for Obama perhaps a greater problem than Iraq.UN news centre(2008)I believe this could be due to drug cartels domince in Mexico, and due it the geography and globalization it has been spilled in the street of US.Williams, P, (2008)Another difference is Terrorism is a bigger point of discussion in the wider world due to the fact that they seek media attention and not uncertain to hide its terror activities,Whilst Organized crime is very secretive and nookie closed doors. Hence wherefore it is people may perceive it to be a bigger threat.After the post cold war era, there was a huge shift from in national security threats, from communism, to terrorism and organised crime. What the fall of communism did, was not only did it leave eastern countries, lawless and poor, it left it venerable to radical ideologies and organised crime, including what we call globalization.I also believe that ideological terrorism has severely since the cold war, and a new breed of ethnic and religious inspired terrorism.Collins, A (2007) p356I a published paper by Stephens, M (1996) on globalized crime, and describes why organised crime was on the rise after the Cold war era and in summary Post-Cold War opportunities such as the impenetrable of economic and political barriers the end of communist regimes and the founding of fragile new democracies.Stephens, M(1996)A Report Prepared by the federal Research Division,Library of Congress(2003) discusses areas on the world that are venerable to organised crime and terrorism, and states that in annex the In the former Soviet states, progress toward the rule of law has been hindered by the sudden disappearance of national authority (the Soviet state) in areas hav ing no individual tradition of state authority or civil society but having very well developed traditions of underground criminal activity.Federal Research Division(2003)Both types of organizations lean to enlist the majority of their members from the same consortium of an insignificant sector of the population, which are subject to social, cultural or political frustration.This is backed up by Rosenau(1990), Galleotti (2001), Cusimano-Love (2003),and Castells (2000) who have compared transnational crime and terrorism as malicious non-state actors that take advantage of failures in the state-centric global system, such as the limitations of sovereignty, legal jurisdictional boundaries and the opportunities that failed or weak states create for safe havens.As much as globalization ha s been unspoiled for many nation states, it has also been disastrous in quotation to nonionised crime and terrorism, which Williams, p(2002) describes as a motivator and facilitator., opening a way f or transnational activity. In this era of accelerated global interaction, transnational organized crime and international terrorism are flourishing.In Baylis, J and smith, s(2005), mob D kiras writes has a whole chapter dedicated towards to Terrorism and globalisation, he writes the applied science and processes linked with globalization have enabled terrorism to grow from regional phenomenon, into a global one.He also means that the use of Globalization has also lead to changes in the means of conducting terrorism and organised crime. For example in Freedman (2002) Prior to 11 September 2001 most acts of terrorism had depended on the conventional explosives. And then compares it to current situation where the ability to mount cooccurring attacks, commitment and choice targets, using aircraft as guided missiles. I believe that globalisation has a part to play in this change because it has unresolved up the world. The borders have faded or are no prolonged as well guarded, the market is globalized, financial and commercial mergers and the deregulation of state intervention provide new opportunities, and communication technology is presenting unexpected innovational technological possibilities.I also believe globalization has spread national crime to international organised crime because large-scale migration across the bollock has created new emigrant refugee communities that can serve as recruitment bases and as hiding places, especially as they live a poor lifestyle, they have no alternatives, apart from turning to crime.Organised crime actors share the same objective as legal corporations in a sense that In a increasingly global marketplace, illicit actors, like licit counterparts, take advantage of business opportunities wherever they occur. For organised crime, going across borders, increases their wealth and profit just as it does for legal businesses, as they have new customers and can take advantage of infrastructure to cover their illegal activ ities.An example used in Collins, A (2007) was after the creation of North American free trade area, trade grew in the billions, and however it was this area, thrived in reference to aid smuggling of illegal goods and drugs.There have been political and economic developments have brought terrorism and organized crime together. There are also clear structural similarities that would appear to make alliance beneficial for both of them and I believe that it is case of marriage of convenience, rather than long term strategic alliance.Collins, A (2007p 361)It is becoming a huge aspect of security, that both organised crime and terrorism are flourishing over one another, and in particular terrorist groups are rely on crime to fund their operation, and criminal expertise is become available to terrorist groups. I believe that in this day of age, where the world become evermore globalized, any security threat that is national, ends up spilling over the borders, and becoming a international problem.Schmid, A(2005) Links between Terrorism and Drug Trafficking A Case of Narco-terrorism?Galleotti, M. (2001) Underworld and Upperworld Transnational Organized Crime and Global Society, In Josselin, D. and Wallace W. (Eds.). Non-State Actors in World Politics, Palgrave New York, pp. 203-17.Ciment, JD and shanty FG(2008) Organized Crime From Trafficking to Terrorism, Volume 1, ABC-Clio, CalifoniaBerry, V. et al(2003) Nations hospitable to organized crime and terrorismonline procurable from http//www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/Nats_Hospitable.pdf Accessed May 2010.Shelley, L and Picarelli (2001) Methods Not motives Implications of the convergence of international organized crime and terrorism online Available from http//www.law.syr.edu/Pdfs/0methods_motives.pdf.Accessed May 2010Stephens, Mora(1996) Global organized crime as the threat to national security online Available from http//www.fas.org/irp/eprint/snyder/globalcrime.htm. .Accessed May 2010Williams, P(2009) Strategy for a New World Combating Terrorism and Transnational Organized Crime. In Balyis, J(eds.) 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